Step-by-step guide

Introduction

This guide outlines the required steps to migrate a Storefront Core v7-based project from Nuxt 2-to the new Nuxt 3-based Storefront Boilerplate.

This guide is intended as an overview, as we are not able to accommodate every scenario due to the complexity and variety of scopes and custom implementations per shop and tenant.

Nuxt 3 is a complete rewrite of Nuxt 2, and also based on a new set of underlying technologies. This means there will be significant changes when migrating a Nuxt 2 app to Nuxt 3, thus an incremental migration of an existing project might not be feasible approach most of the time.

Some of these significant changes include:

Moving from Vue 2 to Vue 3, including defaulting to the Composition API and script setup.
Moving from Webpack 4 and Babel to Vite and Rollup.
Moving from a runtime Nuxt dependency to a minimal, standalone server compiled with nitropack.

We recommend to check out the official Nuxt 3 Migration Guide before proceeding with this guide, to gain a better understanding of the tools and processes.

Limitations:

No direct small “incremental” migration is possible: dependencies get exchanged piece by piece, due to large-scale architecture changes in Nuxt 3
Complex migration due to the project complexity
No “one-size-fits-all” migration solution
How-to guide can only provide an overview and the order in which certain migration steps should be undertaken
Every tenant migration should have a coordinated kickoff meeting with a review of the existing codebase and the creation of a dedicated migration concept

Migration Approaches

Incremental migration

Migrating an existing Nuxt 2-based project

Benefits

Working in known codebase
Avoiding potential downsides of a rewrite, e.g. missing context of historic implementation

Downsides

Difficult to find ideal starting point for migration with existing Nuxt 2 codebase => Might leave developers with a daunting feeling
Difficult to test as parts of the application might not be migrated and compatible with Nuxt 3
Possibly unable to run shop application until a larger portion of the technical foundation has been migrated
Debugging difficult => Not clear if error originate from outdated Nuxt 2 dependencies or functionality, or missing Nuxt 3-specific implementations, leading to increased debugging times and plain frustration

"Clean slate" migration

using an empty Nuxt 3 or fresh Storefront Boilerplate project and using Storefront Boilerplate implementation as reference
setting up technical foundation first (dependencies, configs, modules)
moving custom implementations piece by piece (pages, components, composables)

Benefits

Working version of shop application throughout the development process
Rapid testing and validation of migrated elements

Downsides

Feeling of building a whole new application & appears as if it might take more time than an incremental migration
Storefront Boilerplate implementation might contain unused code that might need to be thrown out

As a rule of thumb, if your application has not diverged much from the cloned boilerplate it is likely easier to start fresh from the Nuxt 3 boilerplate and re-apply your changes. If your application has a long history and significant changes from the original boilerplate it might be easier to attempt an incremental migration.

Preparing a Nuxt 2-based project

Many of the changes in Nuxt 3 and storefront-nuxt have been backported to Nuxt 2 and storefront-nuxt2. You can minimize the scope of the migration by performing these tasks ahead of the migration.

Update to Node.js >= 20.6
Update to latest version of @scayle/storefront-nuxt2
Review and replace dependencies that are not Nuxt 3 compatible. Removing superfluous dependencies will lower the migration effort.
- See Overview Module support
Clean up any deprecated Vue features that do not work in Vue 3 (e.g. filters)
- See Vue 3 Breaking changes
Migrate to token-based authentication
Migrate from legacy redirects to BAPI redirects
Migrate from basic auth for BAPI to token auth
Use script setup for components
Introduce tailored SCAYLE eslint config -> @scayle/eslint-config-storefront
Introduce tailored SCAYLE prettier config -> @scayle/prettier-config-storefront
Optional: Rewrite SCSS-based styling to CSS to reduce complexity and make use of modern native CSS features
Optional: Remove storybook. The Nuxt 3 boilerplate does not include storybook, so especially if you are using the "clean slate" migration you might want to consider removing storybook and story files.

Overview Module support

The following list provides an overview of all formerly used Nuxt 2 modules of the DemoShop and their Nuxt 3 migration resolution. Should other 3rd-party modules be used in a project, it is required to investigate their Nuxt 3 support before the start of a respective Nuxt 3 project migration.

Package / Module	Usage	Nuxt 3 compatible	Resolution
`@nuxt/typescript-runtime`	Provides TypeScript integration for Nuxt 2	❌	Module not required for Nuxt 3, native with Nuxt 3
`@nuxtjs/composition-api`	Provides Composition API support for Vue 2	❌	Module not required for Nuxt 3, native with Vue 3
`@nuxtjs/google-fonts`	Provides Google Fonts integration	✅	Update to v3 of module
`@nuxtjs/gtm`	Provides Google Tag Manager integration	❌	Use Nuxt 3 alternative `@zadigetvoltaire/nuxt-gtm`
`@nuxtjs/i18n`	Provides internationalization capabilities	✅	Update to v8 of module
`@nuxt/image`	Provides plug-and-play image optimization	✅	Update to v1.0 (RC) of module
`@nuxtjs/robots`	Provides robots.txt support	✅	Update to v3 of module
`@nuxtjs/sentry`	Provides Sentry.io monitoring and tracing integration	❌	Custom plugin implementation required
`@nuxtjs/storybook`	Provides Storybook integration	✅	Update to v7 of module
`@nuxtjs/tailwindcss`	Provides TailwindCSS integration	✅	Parallel support for Nuxt 2 and Nuxt 3
`@nuxtjs/toast`	Provides toast notification	❌	Custom implementation required (See SFB reference implementation)
`@storyblok/nuxt-2`	Provides Storyblok CMS integration	✅	Use Nuxt 3 module `@storyblok/nuxt`
`nuxt-jsonld`	Provides JSON-LD for SEO purposes	✅	Update to v2 of module
`nuxt-svg-loader`	Provides handling of SVG files as Vue components	❌	Use Nuxt 3 alternative `nuxt-svgo`
`vueuse`	Provides helper and utility functions as Vue composables	✅	Parallel support for Nuxt 2 and Nuxt 3
`vue-fragment`	Provides multi-root-node support for Vue components	❌	Module not required for Nuxt 3, native with Vue 3
`vue-lazy-hydration`	Provides delayed client-side hydration functionality	❌	Use Nuxt 3 alternative `nuxt-lazy-hydrate`
`vue-observe-visibility`	Provides client-side visibility observer	❌	Use `Intersect.vue` from SFB or `useIntersectionObserver` from `vueUse`
`vue-slick-carousel`	Provides carousel / slideshow integration	❌	Use Nuxt 3 alternative `nuxt-swiper`
`vue-slider-component`	Provides a range slider Vue component	✅	Update to v4.0 (Beta)
`@vue/test-utils`	Provides test utilities for Vue	✅	Update to v2 of package
`@vue/vue2-jest`	Provides Vue component transformer for Jest	❌	Migrate from `jest` to `vitest`
`vue-the-mask`	Provides string masking functionality	❌	Migrate to `maska`
`vuelidate`	Provide input validation wit Vue v-model support	✅	Parallel support for Vue 2 and Vue 3

Setup

Based on the mentioned significant architectural differences, we recommend to have a look into the codebase of the new Nuxt 3-based SCAYLE Storefront Boilerplate beforehand. This allows you to get a feeling for the larger changes and structural differences.

Even with the knowledge from all Nuxt 3 Migration guides, the overall migration from Nuxt 2 to Nuxt 3 is a large undertaking. It should be expected that many implementations might break during the migration process and need to be adapted to Vue 3, Nuxt 3 and replacement libraries.

Migration steps

Dependencies

Dependency changes between Nuxt 2 and Nuxt 3

The first step to start the migration process should be to replace all necessary dependencies with suitable Nuxt 3 compatible versions and remove everything that will not be needed anymore. The following sections will shortly outline the differences in dependencies between a Nuxt 2-based DemoShop and a Nuxt 3-based SCAYLE Storefront Boilerplate.

devDependencies

Following a list of Nuxt 2-based DemoShop devDependencies and if they need to be migrated to Nuxt 3:

Package / Module	Required for Nuxt 3	Note
`@aboutyou/storyblok-generate-ts`	✅
`@babel/core`	❌	Not required anymore for Nuxt 3 build setup
`@babel/plugin-proposal-nullish-coalescing-operator`	❌	Not required anymore for Nuxt 3 build setup
`@babel/plugin-proposal-optional-chaining`	❌	Not required anymore for Nuxt 3 build setup
`@babel/plugin-transform-class-properties`	❌	Not required anymore for Nuxt 3 build setup
`@babel/plugin-transform-runtime`	❌	Not required anymore for Nuxt 3 build setup
`@babel/preset-typescript`	❌	Not required anymore for Nuxt 3 build setup
`@nuxt/image`	✅
`@nuxt/types`	✅
`@nuxtjs/eslint-config-typescript`	❌	Included in `@scayle/eslint-config-storefront`
`@nuxtjs/storybook`	🤷	Optional, depending on project requirement
`@nuxtjs/tailwindcss`	✅
`@scayle/eslint-config-storefront`	✅
`@scayle/prettier-config-storefront`	✅
`@types/color`	✅
`@types/express-session`	❌	Replaced by `@scayle/h3-session` including types
`@types/tailwindcss`	🤷	Optional, depending on project requirement
`@vue/test-utils`	✅
`@vue/vue2-jest`	❌	`jest` should be replaced by `vitest`
`babel-jest`	❌	Not required anymore for Nuxt 3 test setup with `vitest`
`cypress`	✅
`cypress-real-events`	✅
`env-cmd`	✅
`eslint`	✅
`eslint-plugin-cypress`	✅
`eslint-plugin-nuxt`	✅
`eslint-plugin-tailwindcss`	✅
`jest`	❌	`jest` should be replaced by `vitest`
`postcss-html`	✅
`prettier`	✅
`prettier-plugin-tailwindcss`	✅
`sass`	🤷	Optional, depending on project requirement
`sass-loader`	❌	Not required, `vite` has built-in `sass` support
`schema-dts`	✅
`speed-measure-webpack-plugin`	❌	`vite` is now used as Nuxt 3 build tool
`start-server-and-test`	✅
`storyblok`	✅
`storybook-addon-mock`	🤷	Optional, depending on project requirement
`stylelint`	✅
`stylelint-config-prettier`	✅
`stylelint-config-standard`	✅
`stylelint-config-standard-scss`	✅
`stylelint-config-standard-vue`	✅
`stylelint-high-performance-animation`	✅
`tailwindcss`	✅
`ts-jest`	❌	`jest` should be replaced by `vitest`
`ts-loader`	❌	Nuxt 3 provides Out-of-the-box TypeScript support
`ts-node`	❌	Nuxt 3 provides Out-of-the-box TypeScript support
`typescript`	✅
`vue-eslint-parser`	❌	Included in `@scayle/eslint-config-storefront`
`vue-tsc`	✅

Add those devDependencies as part of the Nuxt 3 migration preparations:

@nuxt/devtools
@zadigetvoltaire/nuxt-gtm
autoprefixer
nuxt-svgo
nuxt-viewport
ofetch
postcss-custom-properties
utility-types

Dependencies

Nuxt 2-based DemoShop dependencies needed for Nuxt 3:

Package / Module	Required for Nuxt 3	Note
`@crowdin/cli`	🤷	Optional, depending on project requirement
`@nuxt/typescript-runtime`	❌	Nuxt 3 provides Out-of-the-box TypeScript support
`@nuxtjs/composition-api`	❌	Vue 3 provides Out-of-the-box Composition API support
`@nuxtjs/google-fonts`	🤷	Optional, depending on project requirement
`@nuxtjs/gtm`	✅	Use alternative package `@zadigetvoltaire/nuxt-gtm`
`@nuxtjs/i18n`	✅
`@nuxtjs/robots`	✅
`@nuxtjs/sentry`	❌	Custom plugin implementation required
`@scayle/omnichannel-nuxt`	❌	Not yet supported with Nuxt 3 Storefront Boilerplate
`@scayle/storefront-nuxt2`	➡️	Migrate to `@scayle/storefront-nuxt`
`@storyblok/nuxt-2`	➡️	Migrate to `@storyblok/nuxt`
`@tailwindcss/aspect-ratio`	✅
`@tailwindcss/forms`	✅
`@tailwindcss/typography`	✅
`@types/consola`	🤷	Optional, depending on project requirement
`@vuelidate/core`	✅
`@vuelidate/validators`	✅
`@vueuse/core`	✅
`@vueuse/nuxt`	✅
`axios`	🤷	We recommend to use `ofetch`, which is used by Nuxt 3 itself
`body-parser`	❌	Express plugin that is not necessary with h3
`check-password-strength`	✅
`color`	✅
`consola`	🤷	Optional, depending on project requirement
`dotenv`	✅
`envalid`	❌	No runtime env validation possible
`express`	❌	`express` has ben replaced by `nitropack` and `h3` within Nuxt 3, not required
`express-session`	➡️	Migrate to `@scayle/h3-session`
`jws`	🤷	Optional, depending on project requirement
`maska`	✅
`mobile-detect`	❌	Replaced by `nuxt-viewport`
`nuxt`	✅
`nuxt-jsonld`	✅
`nuxt-svg-loader`	❌	Replaced by `nuxt-svgo`
`portal-vue`	❌	Native Vue 3 functionality
`postcss`	✅
`postcss-import`	✅
`radash`	➡️	Migrate to `radash-nuxt`
`slugify`	❌
`storyblok-js-client`	✅
`ufo`	✅
`vue`	🤷	Optional, depending on project requirement
`vue-lazy-hydration`	➡️	Replaced by `nuxt-lazy-hydrate`
`vue-router`	❌
`vue-slick-carousel`	➡️	Replaced by `nuxt-swiper`
`vue-slider-component`	✅
`vue-swipe-actions`	❌	No replacement
`vue-text-highlight`	❌

Dependencies that should be added as part of the Nuxt 3 migration preparations:

nanoid
radash-nuxt
nuxt-lazy-hydrate
nuxt-swiper
yn

Basic Configuration, Runtime Config & .env

Refer to Nuxt 3 Migration Guide / Configuration for Nuxt 3 specific migration steps.

The starting point for your Nuxt app remains your nuxt.config.ts file.

With the migration to Nuxt 3, one goal of the migration has been to make the application built as self-contained as possible ("build once, deploy anywhere"). This means moving most of the configuration options filled by environment variables to use the Nuxt 3 runtimeConfig.

As the nuxt.config.ts file is now pre-generated and serialized during build time, it is not able to execute dynamic functions, e.g. fetchStores during runtime anymore.

Replace the Dynamic functions within the nuxt.config.ts with the specified key-value objects. If the values have be injected dynamically, this should be done at runtime using the Nuxt 3 runtimeConfig.

For specific changes as part of the Storefront Boilerplate, check the SCAYLE Storefront Boilerplate Migration Guide.

Build Tooling

Refer to Nuxt 3 Migration Guide / Build Tooling for Nuxt 3 specific migration steps.

Per default the SCAYLE Storefront Boilerplate is using vite and Rollup, including PostCSS and esbuild as build tools.

Should the Nuxt 2-based rely on custom Webpack 4 configuration, the changes need to be adapted for usage with vite (Nuxt 3 Vite Config).

State Management

Storefront Boilerplate does not include VueX by default. The useStore composable has been introduced which is using the useState under the hood.

Should the requirement call for a more versatile state management solution, we recommend migration to pinia. Check the Pinia Documentation for more detailed information.

Plugins, Modules & Middleware

Refer to Nuxt 3 Migration Guide / Plugins and Middleware or Nuxt 3 Migration Guide / Modules for Nuxt 3 specific migration steps.

Please note that the format for plugins, modules and router middleware has changed and former Nuxt 2 modules will not be compatible!

Due to the nature of the open-source ecosystem, not every module that has been used as part of the Nuxt 2-based DemoShop, will be available as part of the Nuxt 3-based Storefront Boilerplate or will have a drop-in replacement.

Replaced modules

The following modules or custom implementations have been replaced:

Module	Replaced by	Documentation
`nuxt-svg-loader`	`nuxt-svgo`	SVG handling
`vue-slick-carousel`	`Swiper`	Carousel Implementation
`@nuxtjs/gtm`	`@zadigetvoltaire/nuxt-gtm`	Tracking
custom breakpoints implementation	`nuxt-viewport` module	Breakpoints handling

For specific changes as part of the Storefront Boilerplate, check the SCAYLE Storefront Boilerplate Migration Guide.

Pages, Layouts & Storyblok

Refer to Nuxt 3 Migration Guide / Configuration for Nuxt 3 migration steps.

Once the Nuxt-3-based Storefront Boilerplate is up-and-running, you'll need to refactor all pages and related components. We recommend choosing a page-by-page approach, which can be parallelized to reduce time constraints and dependencies.

Based on initial feedback, a potential page migration order might look as follows:

Base UI components

The Storefront Boilerplate introduces some refactoring to improve long-term maintainability, usability and to reduce code redundancy.

One such case of decreased redundancy has been the introduction of shared base UI components within the Storefront Boilerplate reference implementation. This includes most commonly used UI components across the application (Buttons, Links, Inputs, Toast, layout related components, etc.) to be used during implementation of the bigger chunks of the application (pages, layouts etc).

Depending on the project size and complexity, this approach can reduce the overall migration efforts.

Component Options

Refer to Nuxt 3 Migration Guide / Component Options for Nuxt 3 specific migration steps.

Data fetching

Nuxt 3 provides new options for fetching data from an API. Nuxt 3 provides new composables for fetching data: useAsyncData and useFetch. They each have 'lazy' variants (useLazyAsyncData and useLazyFetch), which do not block client-side navigation.

To make your existing pages and components compatible with the new data fetching approach, the following steps are required:

Replace the asyncData hook with useAsyncData or useFetch in your page/component.
Replace the fetch hook with useAsyncData or useFetch in your component.

scrollToTop

This feature is not yet supported in Nuxt 3. If you want to overwrite the default scroll behavior of vue-router, you can do so in ~/app/router.options.ts (see Router options docs) for more info.

Meta Tags

Refer to Nuxt 3 Migration Guide / Meta for Nuxt 3 specific migration steps.

Nuxt 3 provides several different ways to manage your meta tags:

via nuxt.config.ts
via useHead composable
via global meta components

You can customize title, titleTemplate, base, script, noscript, style, meta, link, htmlAttrs and bodyAttrs.

Server & Deployment

Refer to Nuxt 3 Migration Guide / Configuration for Nuxt 3 specific migration steps.

In a built Nuxt 3 application, there is no runtime Nuxt dependency and no support from sourcing environment variables / runtimeConfig overrides from an .env file.

Should there be a need to source environment variables / runtimeConfig overrides from an .env file, we recommend using a Node.js version higher than 20.6, which includes native .env file support.

For more in-depth information regarding Nuxt 3 deployment options check the official Nuxt 3 Deployment Guide.

Troubleshooting

This section provides an overview of known migration issues and recommended solutions.

Dynamic / async component loading

Problem	Solution
The `DefaultLink` component is causing a full page reload	Rename all `{component}.async.vue` to `{component}.vue`
Button click-event handlers are not firing	Nuxt 3 Dynamic Imports